In this article we discuss the different methods for attracting and keeping birds around during the winter months.
The three main things one needs to provide to keep birds during the winter are food, shelter and water. But why feed birds during the winter? Winter brings a change in the availability of natural food. Insects become dormant and are unavailable to most bird species. While woodpeckers, nuthatches, and other insect eaters can pry grubs and hibernating beetles from under tree bark, some others are more dependent on the availability of seeds, fruits and nuts, such as finches. Most birds supplement the natural foods that are available by visiting
bird feeders for
seeds and
suet. This is especially true when a storm hits and their natural food becomes buried beneath the snow. As well, the days are becoming shorter and this reduces the amount of available time that the birds can forage for food, severely limiting the overall food intake per day.
There have been many questions presented on the effects of winter bird feeding: “Will the presence of artificial feeding stations disrupt the migratory urge of some birds leaving them victims of the cold weather they cannot handle?” Although this is a complex question and answer, most available data suggest that the effects have not been harmful, but have had the opposite effect. If a bird is not well enough to have migrated south (possibly due to an injury or some natural migratory cue not being right) and is caught in a sudden snowfall or storm, the bird could probably survive at a feeding station and make it through the winter. This has resulted in unusual overwintering of some species of warblers that have survived at
suet feeders. Since the early 1980's there has been an increase in wildlife awareness, causing more people to erect
winter bird feeders. As a direct result several species that were on their northernmost distribution could overwinter successfully. Many studies have shown that several species of birds have extended their ranges northwards owing to the availability of feeding stations.
Feeding birds during the winter is a great responsibility, and I want to stress that the birds will become dependent on you as a food source, occasionally at the expense of feeding elsewhere. As a result, one should not stop feeding during the winter months, from October through the end of April to early May, with late winter, from February on, being the most difficult period for the birds. It is also important that one fills the feeder in the morning so that the birds have sufficient time to feed during the shortened days. If you were the only person providing food to birds during those months and that food source disappeared, many birds could perish from starvation if they were not able to find a suitable food source quickly, which can often be difficult during severe winter storms. While this is my personal view and that of many others, there have been recent studies that suggest that stopping food during the winter is not detrimental to the birds. The survival rate of
sunflower seed fed birds was twice that of birds that obtained all their food from the wild. While species like finches and sparrows, which do not cache any food, have no reserve food supply to help them if food abundance drops or if there is bad weather for a couple of days.
Providing Shelter
One error that I have found people making is placing a bird feeder in their grassy oasis of a backyard. The foremost thing one needs to keep birds coming back to your garden is providing a place to perch and hide from predators and from bad weather. Without providing a few trees or shrubs in your yard near your feeder, one probably cannot keep the birds coming back. Evergreens are crucial to many birds in winter because they shield them from harsh winter winds, subzero temperatures, falling snow and freezing rain. They also provide protection against predators, like cats that might patrol the feeders. You could remember to discard your used Christmas tree into your backyard and the birds can use it as an extra hiding spot and shelter. Or collect the neighbourhood’s trees to provide more available cover. One could tie them to fence posts or set them in their traditional tree stands. The Christmas trees will be most effective if they are placed close to the feeders, and the trees will remain green right through the winter.
Cover, where birds can quickly flit into to hide from predators or use just for a resting place, can be in the form of deciduous trees or bushes, tall grasses, or a brush pile of discard twigs and branches. The latter is useful if one does not have sufficient cover nearby and wants to provide some quick hiding and perching spots.
Shelter can also be in the form of
nest boxes, or special roosting boxes. Nest boxes used for breeding during the summer often get used as seed caches and for night time roosting sites.
Providing Water
While water is the least important of the three things I am discussing it can make a difference to the number of birds visiting your feeders. While we often think birds do not need open water once the snow has fallen, this is really not true. First, there is often a critical transitory period when there is no snow on the ground, yet all the puddles and small streams have frozen over from the cold. What do the birds do then? They must fly to a large open water source, like a river or lake, but this can be quite a distance from your feeder and the birds might decide to stay with a feeder that is closer to the water. Secondly, snow is extremely cold and we all know how much snow we have to melt to get a cup of water. With birds, eating cold snow requires, and takes away, energy through the melting process. This is a big waste of energy when the birds are trying to stay warm in frigid conditions.
The easiest way to provide water is by maintaining your
bird bath year round. This might mean filling the bath several times a day, which may not be practical for most people who work all day. The best method is to have a heated bird bath. Although a bird bath heater can be quite costly initially, they quickly redeem their cost when you have a line up of birds waiting for a drink because there is not enough room around the bath. Heaters are completely safe, but one should make sure they have automatic shut off, or heat cycling on/off, features should the bath go dry (this might happen on windy days when evaporation rates are higher or if there are too many birds drinking from the bath). The plugs must be attached to a grounded (three pronged) outlet to prevent the possibility of electrocution. One concern with heaters is that some come with the heating element uncovered. Even if yours has the element covered with a protective screen I would suggest using a piece of shale overtop the heating element that will prevent any birds from accidentally burning their feet. The birds will perch on this warm rock, especially the Mourning Doves.
Feeding Stations
When choosing and sighting your feeders, it is the welfare of the birds that should be foremost in your planning and not your viewing enjoyment. There are many types of feeders and it is a good idea to use several types in your yard, and have a squirrel guard on the pole.
The most basic feeder is the ground itself. Many birds, such as juncos and grouse, prefer ground feeding. However, throwing seeds on the ground can be wasteful as they will get buried under snow. Seed could be placed under evergreens sheltered from snow, or you could just let the birds on the feeders scatter the seed onto the ground. A note of caution, seeds on the ground not only attract squirrels but the feeding birds attract the neighborhood cats as well.
Some people make their own feeders out of meticulously cleaned bleach bottles, milk cartons or from any number of fluid jugs, such as those that hold ‘spring water’ or windshield washer. But make sure you carefully clean out all residues if you use anything that might have a toxic residue. Plastic soft drink bottles can be used. Such feeders are not only cheap, they are useful as satellite feeders to try out new types of seeds.
Pole feeders, preferably with a squirrel baffle, are the easiest to install. The poles come in sections — with the bottom section hammered into the ground. To the top of the pole can be attached a platform or other type of hopper feeder, or other finger poles can be attached and feeders hung from them. The feeder must be at least 1.5 m (5 feet) above ground, preferably more, to prevent squirrels from jumping up onto it. The pole should also be at least 2½ m (8 feet) from any jumping surface, like tree, fence, building or deck, as these can provide jumping sites for the squirrels who think nothing of an 8-foot jump.
Other types of feeders include window shelves or feeders, and hanging feeders that can be attached to the soffit of your house or to a tree branch or pole. The advantage of the hanging feeders is that they can act as supplements to your platform feeder and, more important, each can be used to hold a specific food to attract specific species (see section 2 on foods). In this way, a species, such as goldfinch, can have its own feeding stations. Tube feeders are excellent for holding
niger seed for finches. Hanging feeders with two or more compartments are also available, so that a
mixture of seed types can be offered in the same unit, attracting different species to the same feeder.
There are also counter-weighted hopper feeders for those who are having trouble with squirrels. These feeders are weighted and lightweight birds do nothing, but a heavy squirrel will cause a door to come down over the feeding ports, preventing them from cleaning out all of the seed. Some feeders are designed to look like log cabins, country stores, and so on. To the birds, these designs do not mean anything, so pick your feeder for its utility, not its cuteness.
If your newly erected feeders are not used immediately, do not be dismayed. If the birds are not in the habit of visiting your yard, it may take them a few days to discover them. The birds will be the best advertisers for your feeders. Once one bird has discovered a feeder, others are sure to follow. The more species using your feeder, the more species they will attract. How long they stick around will depend on how well you have sited the feeder, types of seeds you have chosen, and if there is sufficient cover nearby.
One important note. Feeders and the ground must be cleaned regularly.
Droppings can accumulate and contaminate the food and feeders. Birds could then be more prone to disease transmission. As well, wet food is not eaten by birds. Food that has become wet in rain storms, or a thaw period, begins to decompose. This not only clogs your feeders, and makes it look like no one is eating the seeds, but could kill the birds. Moldy, rancid food could be eaten by birds, who do not have a good sense of smell, and die of food poisoning. In the spring, or when a warm period occurs during the winter, please rake up all the seeds and hulls and place them in a secure area, preferably the compost bin, where birds cannot get access to it.
Foods to Feed
While there are many books on feeding birds in winter I will go over a few basics. Depending on the types of birds you would like to attract you can buy your main seeds in bulk, preferably from a feed store like
Kennedy Wild Bird Food since they tend to give the best prices. I would suggest, that one buys from a selection of
black-oil sunflower,
niger seeds,
whole peanuts, and
suet. These can then be placed out in whatever quantities that the birds will eat in one day.
Sunflower Hearts
This is the most favoured of all the seeds, and if one only wants to feed one type of seed this should be it. It can be easily dispensed in any hanging feeder, on the ground or on a platform feeder.
There has been much discussion over the difference between striped and black-oil sunflower seeds and their benefits/disadvantages to birds. Through my experience it is more of the advantage to you, the consumer, than for the birds. Both sunflowers offer similar food value. Black-oil is a small sunflower that is easily opened by all birds due to its thinner hull (especially true for chicks, nuthatches and finches). This also makes the black-oil’s hull biodegrade and compost more easily than the thicker hulled striped sunflower. My greatest reasoning for buying black-oil over striped is the number of seeds you get in a bag. Striped sunflowers, with their thicker hull, are thus heavier than the softer-shelled black-oil. This results in the number of seeds by weight difference to be quite large between the two. Therefore, you will probably be getting more than twice the seed per weight with black-oil. This adds up to more seeds per bird per your unit of cost. Crack open a striped and a black-oil and you will see that the seed is about the same size, but it is the shell that makes the difference.
Niger Seeds
This is the most expensive seed we can buy for the birds, ranging from. Due to its high cost, it is usually only placed out for finches in
specially designed niger feeders. These feeders have small, narrow holes where the seeds can only be extracted by fine billed birds.
Peanuts & Other Nuts
Nuts are the highest in nutrition, with lots of calories per weight, but are quite expensive. While I do know people that feed walnuts and pecans to birds and squirrels, most of us settle for the cheaper peanuts. You must crack open a couple of
peanuts until the birds try them. Then they will be hooked and will come back regularly. I put my peanuts out at sunrise and the birds are always waiting. Within ½ hour they have cached and eaten all of them.
Shelled, crushed, peanuts are much more expensive than whole. I normally place these into
bubble feeders (feeder with upside down feeding holes that prevents perching birds like House Finches from getting seeds) where chicks and nuthatches are normally only able to feed, mainly when we are in the most severe weather and when late winter has set in. Shelled peanuts can be provided in special peanut feeders.
Suet & Fat Balls
During the winter, birds need high caloric foods.
Suet (beef or pork fat) is one of the best calorie providers. Suet cakes can be placed out year round. These are quite expensive, so buy them in bulk when they go on sale. There are many kinds on the market these days, but I have found that most birds prefer either the plain or peanut kind. Or you can make your own suet. If you go to any butcher where they cut their own meat, you can get free, or for a nominal price, beef or pork fat. The raw suet can be placed in onion bags, suet feeders, log feeders (or peanut butter) or hammered onto a piece of wood tied to the side of a tree. You can also melt down the suet and combine whatever ingredients you want (seed, honey, peanut butter, corn meal, wheat hearts, etc.) and make your own suet cakes. The one thing you have to be careful with providing pure fat, is that in warm weather (warm spells and when spring arrives) you have to remove the suet. Suet can spoil and the birds, which have no sense of smell, will eat it, get food poisoning and possibly die. I feed pure fat during the coldest months and then switch to the commercial stuff when spring gets close.
Whatever you feed your birds this winter, and however you feed them, Kennedy Wild Birds have a massive range of seeds, buts, live feed, feeders and baths in stock today - pop into our shop in Deeping St James or buy online at
www.wildbirdfood.uk.com.
Many backyard birders are astonished at the wide variety of winter birds that visit their feeders even on the coldest days, and they may wonder “how do wild birds keep warm in winter?” Birds have many superb adaptations that allow them to survive even in the most frigid conditions, and birders who understand what birds need to keep warm can easily help their feathered friends.
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